Bicycles

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

The Noah Disc has all the same technologies and ride qualities of its big brother, the Noah Fast Disc - Champ Caleb Ewan's favorite road bike, but is more budget-friendly.

So, if you're all about speed, in search of the ultimate racing monster that doesn't break the bank, the Noah Disc road bike is the only one for you. It's built using the unique Ridley tube shape (F-Tubing), fully integrated cables as well as all other advanced F technologies such as F-Surface Plus, F-Wings and the world acclaimed Ridley aero handlebar.

Hence, the only difference between the Noah Fast Disc and Noah Disc road bike is a mere 100 grams due to its carbon lay-up of Essential Carbon. And the difference you'll feel while riding...none!

Our new Kanzo Adventure is a gravel bike for real adventurers. It’s the perfect tool to escape the crowds and find your way off the beaten track. Whether it’s a day trip over new paths in your backyard, a multiple day bike packing trip or an ultra cycling race: the Kanzo Adventure does it all. It’s our most adventurous bike yet.

The geometry of the Kanzo Adventure is progressive. This gravel bike has a Kanzo Optimized Geometry (KOG), which means that the geometry has been tuned to the intended use of the bike. The Kanzo Adventure’s geometry is similar to that of a mountain bike. slacker head tube angle, a lower bottom bracket, a longer wheelbase and a steeper seat tube angle.

The Kanzo Aluminium is an incredibly versatile bike. Mount fenders and you have an ideal, sturdy commuter for the most enjoyable ride to work you'll ever experience. Mount some off-road tires for some fun off the beaten path.

The Kanzo A all-road bike features wide tire clearance and numerous lugs, making it great for bikepacking as well. Head out into nature and enjoy! This Kanzo will always support you. It has a very pleasant geometry that combines comfort and stability.

This budget-friendly gravel bike has also completely nailed the sweet spot for riding gravel. Just take it off road to experience if for yourself!

Want to make it your own? Visit our Ridley configurator to design this Kanzo A in your own style - to include color choice.

The Helium Disc performance road bike contains all the unprecedented cycling qualities and superb technology that go into the top-of-the-line Helium SLX Disc, but with a much lower price tag.

The Helium Disc road bike incorporates the unique oval tube shape which perfectly balances stiffness, weight and comfort. In addition, all cables are fully integrated in the Helium thanks to the F-Steerer technology. This gives it a clean look that's maintenance-free.

What you'll feel is how light, reactive, stiff and comfortable it is to ride - from first to last pedal stroke. What you won't feel is that extra 120 grams on the frame (as it's made of Essential Carbon) which allows it to be much more affordable than its big brother, the SLX.

The Helium Disc performance road bike contains all the unprecedented cycling qualities and superb technology that go into the top-of-the-line Helium SLX Disc, but with a much lower price tag.

The Helium Disc road bike incorporates the unique oval tube shape which perfectly balances stiffness, weight and comfort. In addition, all cables are fully integrated in the Helium thanks to the F-Steerer technology. This gives it a clean look that's maintenance-free.

What you'll feel is how light, reactive, stiff and comfortable it is to ride - from first to last pedal stroke. What you won't feel is that extra 120 grams on the frame (as it's made of Essential Carbon) which allows it to be much more affordable than its big brother, the SLX.

With the Fenix SLA Disc all-round road bike, you have a responsive, comfortable performance racer that glides over cobblestones - at an affordable price! Very few aluminium road bikes include as many hi-end technological features as the Fenix SLA Disc. It benefits from a diamond-shaped down tube, solid rear triangle and straight fork - all features of the Fenix SLiC designed to combine comfort and power. In addition, the tubes of the Fenix SLA Disc are triple-butted. Each tube has a thin center wall, which thickens towards the end. This makes the frame lighter and stiffer. Finally, you can also customize this bike's colors, which is unique in the world of cycling - especially for an entry-level all-round road bike.

With the Fenix SLA Disc all-round road bike, you have a responsive, comfortable performance racer that glides over cobblestones - at an affordable price! Very few aluminium road bikes include as many hi-end technological features as the Fenix SLA Disc. It benefits from a diamond-shaped down tube, solid rear triangle and straight fork - all features of the Fenix SLiC designed to combine comfort and power. In addition, the tubes of the Fenix SLA Disc are triple-butted. Each tube has a thin center wall, which thickens towards the end. This makes the frame lighter and stiffer. Finally, you can also customize this bike's colors, which is unique in the world of cycling - especially for an entry-level all-round road bike.

With the Fenix SLA Disc all-round road bike, you have a responsive, comfortable performance racer that glides over cobblestones - at an affordable price! Very few aluminium road bikes include as many hi-end technological features as the Fenix SLA Disc. It benefits from a diamond-shaped down tube, solid rear triangle and straight fork - all features of the Fenix SLiC designed to combine comfort and power. In addition, the tubes of the Fenix SLA Disc are triple-butted. Each tube has a thin center wall, which thickens towards the end. This makes the frame lighter and stiffer. Finally, you can also customize this bike's colors, which is unique in the world of cycling - especially for an entry-level all-round road bike.

Meet the Fenix Disc: the more affordable sibling of our Fenix SLiC. With this all-round road bike, you’ll be able to tackle anything: from steep climbs and long descends to challenging cobblestones.

The Fenix Disc has similar riding quality and characteristics to the Fenix SLiC. The frame offers internal cable routing for a tidier look, it features the same diamond shaped down tube which provides extra stiffness and durability, and it has the same geometry.

We decided to focus on keeping the retail price down during the development of the Fenix Disc while maintaining the stiffness and ride comfort of the Elite level Fenix SLiC, using other components and a different carbon fiber technology.

Meet the Fenix Disc: the more affordable sibling of our Fenix SLiC. With this all-round road bike, you’ll be able to tackle anything: from steep climbs and long descends to challenging cobblestones.

The Fenix Disc has similar riding quality and characteristics to the Fenix SLiC. The frame offers internal cable routing for a tidier look, it features the same diamond shaped down tube which provides extra stiffness and durability, and it has the same geometry.

We decided to focus on keeping the retail price down during the development of the Fenix Disc while maintaining the stiffness and ride comfort of the Elite level Fenix SLiC, using other components and a different carbon fiber technology.

Meet the Fenix Disc: the more affordable sibling of our Fenix SLiC. With this all-round road bike, you’ll be able to tackle anything: from steep climbs and long descends to challenging cobblestones.

The Fenix Disc has similar riding quality and characteristics to the Fenix SLiC. The frame offers internal cable routing for a tidier look, it features the same diamond shaped down tube which provides extra stiffness and durability, and it has the same geometry.

We decided to focus on keeping the retail price down during the development of the Fenix Disc while maintaining the stiffness and ride comfort of the Elite level Fenix SLiC, using other components and a different carbon fiber technology.

Meet the Fenix Disc: the more affordable sibling of our Fenix SLiC. With this all-round road bike, you’ll be able to tackle anything: from steep climbs and long descends to challenging cobblestones.

The Fenix Disc has similar riding quality and characteristics to the Fenix SLiC. The frame offers internal cable routing for a tidier look, it features the same diamond shaped down tube which provides extra stiffness and durability, and it has the same geometry.

We decided to focus on keeping the retail price down during the development of the Fenix Disc while maintaining the stiffness and ride comfort of the Elite level Fenix SLiC, using other components and a different carbon fiber technology.

Meet the Fenix Disc: the more affordable sibling of our Fenix SLiC. With this all-round road bike, you’ll be able to tackle anything: from steep climbs and long descends to challenging cobblestones.

The Fenix Disc has similar riding quality and characteristics to the Fenix SLiC. The frame offers internal cable routing for a tidier look, it features the same diamond shaped down tube which provides extra stiffness and durability, and it has the same geometry.

We decided to focus on keeping the retail price down during the development of the Fenix Disc while maintaining the stiffness and ride comfort of the Elite level Fenix SLiC, using other components and a different carbon fiber technology.

Meet the Fenix Disc: the more affordable sibling of our Fenix SLiC. With this all-round road bike, you’ll be able to tackle anything: from steep climbs and long descends to challenging cobblestones.

The Fenix Disc has similar riding quality and characteristics to the Fenix SLiC. The frame offers internal cable routing for a tidier look, it features the same diamond shaped down tube which provides extra stiffness and durability, and it has the same geometry.

We decided to focus on keeping the retail price down during the development of the Fenix Disc while maintaining the stiffness and ride comfort of the Elite level Fenix SLiC, using other components and a different carbon fiber technology.

SPICE UP YOUR OFFROAD PLAYGROUND!

The MXA 3 is one hell of a work horse. This mid-travel bike is an All Mountain eMTB that's up for everything. From rough single track to flowy trails, bike park riding, technical climbing, and more... it always get the work done. The aluminum chassis is super-balanced for All Mountain riding with geometry numbers that include a 65-degree head angle, 72-degree seat tube angle, 460mm chain stay and 470mm reach (size L).

RIDE TRAILS, CLIMB MOUNTAINS

Our top-spec G Trail bike is even more capable, even more efficient, and, dare we say it, even more fun to ride. Underneath that iconic red and white GASGAS livery lies a carbon main frame with an alloy rear triangle that offers a balanced mix of lightness, stiffness, and flex where you need it most. A slack head angle and shorter chain stay maximizes thrills when descending, while a steep seat tube angle allows you to be the boss of the climbs. With 150 mm suspension travel, every trail is on the menu!

GO ON, GO THE DISTANCE

For those alloy eMTB lovers, the G Trail 2.0 ticks all the right boxes. Trail focused and ready to clock up some serious mileage, it’s built for big days on the hill. Balanced geometry ensures it can climb every bit as hard as it descends, while the 29" wheel set makes for confident cornering when descending and fast rolling speeds on flow trails. Suspension travel is increased over its predecessor and now boosted to 150mm, meaning there’s that little bit extra for when the mountain gets a little rowdier than expected.Fitted with a 250W Yamaha PW-ST motor, the G Trail 2.0 has ample pedal-assist support, while the Simplo 630Wh integrated battery will keep all range anxiety at bay. RockShox take care of suspension duties.

SHORT-TRAVEL TRAIL WHIP

The G Trail 1.0 is our short-travel trail bike. With 130mm of suspension, it’s a nimbler handler than its G Trail bigger brothers. But don’t let that fool you into thinking it’s not as capable. A bike that’s ideal for days where rowdy is not on the menu, the G Trail 1.0 still gets the juices flowing, just fuss-free. Fast rolling with super-efficient and responsive handling, it’s happiest soaking up mile after mile of flow trails. Go chase those mountain-top Kodak moments on the G Trail 1.0.The G Trail 1.0 features the 250W Yamaha PW-ST 70Nm motor with five pedal-assist modes including Automatic Support where the motor continuously adapts the power mode to suit terrain and effort exerted by the rider.

MORE OF YOU

The G Light Trail 3.0 stands proud where eMTB and MTB collides - a lightweight performer that binds all the essentials of mountain biking together. Radically different to our G Enduro and G Trail models, the G Light Trail brings you closer than ever to traditional mountain biking. Super-lightweight, its carbon frame, compact motor and battery, plus high-end components ensure the G Light Trail 3.0 dips inside that magical sub-20 kg eMTB bracket. And the results are exponential! A carbon frame with mid-mount Air Drive motor and integrated battery, rolling on 29" wheels offers an unrivalled feeling out on the trail. Balanced geometry means trails can be attacked with confidence and ease. Rolling resistance is reduced and agility improved compared with heavier eMTB models.

HAVE YOUR CAKE AND EAT IT!

Our longest travel bike yet, the G Enduro 3.0 comes out swinging. With a 170 mm front fork and 160 mm rear shock, there’s nothing to stand in its way when it comes to getting rowdy. Running a new alloy frame, with a new 29" wheel configuration, in classic red and white GASGAS livery, the G Enduro 3.0 is a natural born shredder. Aggressive geometry sees the head angle running a slack 64 degrees, with short chain stay and low bottom bracket to let you master the steepest and toughest trails going.

LETS GO RIDING!

If red is a little loud for your trails, then our black and white livery G Enduro 2.0 is a touch more low key in the looks department. Sharing the same new frame design, geometry, suspension travel and 29" wheel size as the G Enduro 3.0, the G Enduro 2.0 has you covered when it comes to throwing it down in the bike park or shredding steep trails deep in the forest.

THE CONFIDENCE BOOSTING FUN MACHINE

Get out and explore on our G Cross Country 2.0. Perfect for hitting the trails and well-equipped for high-speed riding, it’s the perfect bike to develop a love for MTB. Utilizing a 29" wheel set, its sharp, responsive, yet forgiving handling helps riders build confidence while developing new skills. SR SUNTOUR 120mm forks soak up the bumps, while a Tektro drivetrain delivers seamless shifting and Tektro brakes ensure impressive stopping power. Steep climbs are no match for Yamaha’s ultra-reliable PW-ST 250W motor, which thanks to the 630Wh integrated battery means you can always ride that little bit further.

BRING SOME HEAT TO THE ENDURO SCENE!

With Enduro in its DNA, the ECA 3 is all about the gnar. A beefy 170mm FOX Float 38 Factory fork and a FOX Float X Factory air shock let you tackle the toughest drops like it's no big deal. Through corners and over rocks and roots, the slack, stable geometry keeps those 29" wheels tracking like you're on rails. And, with a 720Wh battery, big, gnarly rides will come easy. SRAM GX Eagle drivetrain and Code R brakes, plus a Yamaha PW-X3 motor and Bluetooth interface, ensure a top-spec build.

BRING SOME HEAT TO THE ENDURO SCENE!

For no-holds-barred riding, the ECA 1 will be right up your street. Enduro prowess, the alloy frame has the right geometry to master steep technical riding and big jump lines. Suspension is 170mm front and 160mm rear, keeping you on track and pushing the limits. Yamaha's PW-X3 85Nm motor offers superb pedal-assist technology to master every up and down, while the 720Wh battery means range anxiety just isn't a concern!

Progressive but racy, ZFS-5 was built for today’s evolving XCO courses—it has to pedal well and handle quickly, but also take on the chunks, jumps, and drops littering the circuit. ZFS-5’s 67.8-degree head tube angle delivers the precision required for elbow-to-elbow hole shot sprints, and the confidence to let off the brakes when the track gets rough. And in 120mm-outfitting, the 66.6-degree head angle will give you the extra confidence to push harder, and ride faster.

The Soloist. It’s a name from deep in our history, but immediately familiar to anyone with bike racing memories extending back to the early-2000s. It was the weapon of choice for top World Tour contenders on CSC and the Cervelo Test Team, and we’re bringing it back for a new generation. The new Soloist is designed for the week-in, week-out rider and racer who can only justify one high-performance bike. Soloist comes in a hair lighter than S5, but significantly more aerodynamic than R5, and borrows the threaded bottom bracket standard you find on the R5-CX. It’s a race bike that can accommodate mechanical and electronic shifting, can hammer out the training miles in all weather, and yet still has the chops to leap off the front at that decisive moment.

The Soloist. It’s a name from deep in our history, but immediately familiar to anyone with bike racing memories extending back to the early-2000s. It was the weapon of choice for top World Tour contenders on CSC and the Cervelo Test Team, and we’re bringing it back for a new generation. The new Soloist is designed for the week-in, week-out rider and racer who can only justify one high-performance bike. Soloist comes in a hair lighter than S5, but significantly more aerodynamic than R5, and borrows the threaded bottom bracket standard you find on the R5-CX. It’s a race bike that can accommodate mechanical and electronic shifting, can hammer out the training miles in all weather, and yet still has the chops to leap off the front at that decisive moment.

The Soloist. It’s a name from deep in our history, but immediately familiar to anyone with bike racing memories extending back to the early-2000s. It was the weapon of choice for top World Tour contenders on CSC and the Cervelo Test Team, and we’re bringing it back for a new generation. The new Soloist is designed for the week-in, week-out rider and racer who can only justify one high-performance bike. Soloist comes in a hair lighter than S5, but significantly more aerodynamic than R5, and borrows the threaded bottom bracket standard you find on the R5-CX. It’s a race bike that can accommodate mechanical and electronic shifting, can hammer out the training miles in all weather, and yet still has the chops to leap off the front at that decisive moment.

The Soloist. It’s a name from deep in our history, but immediately familiar to anyone with bike racing memories extending back to the early-2000s. It was the weapon of choice for top World Tour contenders on CSC and the Cervelo Test Team, and we’re bringing it back for a new generation. The new Soloist is designed for the week-in, week-out rider and racer who can only justify one high-performance bike. Soloist comes in a hair lighter than S5, but significantly more aerodynamic than R5, and borrows the threaded bottom bracket standard you find on the R5-CX. It’s a race bike that can accommodate mechanical and electronic shifting, can hammer out the training miles in all weather, and yet still has the chops to leap off the front at that decisive moment.

SURVIVAL OF THE FASTEST

The S5 prioritizes aerodynamic performance and stiffness, making it a platform preferred by the fastest sprinters in the world. Don’t think it’s a one-trick pony, though—despite the lateral stiffness, the S5 delivers an incredibly comfortable ride. You’ve no doubt noticed the now-iconic V-Stem. We optimized that shape to deliver the best possible performance in the wind, hid the cables inside, and make enough bar/stem/stack options to fit just about anyone. 

SURVIVAL OF THE FASTEST

The S5 prioritizes aerodynamic performance and stiffness, making it a platform preferred by the fastest sprinters in the world. Don’t think it’s a one-trick pony, though—despite the lateral stiffness, the S5 delivers an incredibly comfortable ride. You’ve no doubt noticed the now-iconic V-Stem. We optimized that shape to deliver the best possible performance in the wind, hid the cables inside, and make enough bar/stem/stack options to fit just about anyone. 

WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN

R5 has one job—get to the top, fast. But for all the glory and fanfare that comes with a summit finish, they’re rarely the only climb of the day. And while a race isn’t usually won on a descent, they can certainly be lost. A climbing bike that can’t carve a hairpin is a bit like a cup of decaf coffee. This is the fourth iteration of the R5, and while weight and stiffness have varied over the years, the handling, poise, and unmatched prowess on a descent have been consistent since day one.

WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN

R5 has one job—get to the top, fast. But for all the glory and fanfare that comes with a summit finish, they’re rarely the only climb of the day. And while a race isn’t usually won on a descent, they can certainly be lost. A climbing bike that can’t carve a hairpin is a bit like a cup of decaf coffee. This is the fourth iteration of the R5, and while weight and stiffness have varied over the years, the handling, poise, and unmatched prowess on a descent have been consistent since day one.

WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN

R5 has one job—get to the top, fast. But for all the glory and fanfare that comes with a summit finish, they’re rarely the only climb of the day. And while a race isn’t usually won on a descent, they can certainly be lost. A climbing bike that can’t carve a hairpin is a bit like a cup of decaf coffee. This is the fourth iteration of the R5, and while weight and stiffness have varied over the years, the handling, poise, and unmatched prowess on a descent have been consistent since day one.

WORLDS WINNER

Marianne Vos and Wout van Aert lit up courses from Namur to Zolder in the winter of 2021, culminating in Marianne’s dominant performance at World Championships in Fayettevile, USA. Vos and van Aert have a dozen World, European, and National titles between the two of them, and know a thing or three about cyclocross racing. We used their input to perfect every detail of the R5-CX—just ask the 2023 World Champ, Fem van Empel.

WORLDS WINNER

Marianne Vos and Wout van Aert lit up courses from Namur to Zolder in the winter of 2021, culminating in Marianne’s dominant performance at World Championships in Fayettevile, USA. Vos and van Aert have a dozen World, European, and National titles between the two of them, and know a thing or three about cyclocross racing. We used their input to perfect every detail of the R5-CX—just ask the 2023 World Champ, Fem van Empel.

FRAMESET

FRAMESET

Shimano Ultegra Di2 2x11

Shimano Ultegra Di2 2x12

Caledonia doesn’t fit in a box nicely, and we like it that way. It was conceived on our Thursday night rides—routes that often play fast and loose with ‘road ride.’ As we tried to stuff bigger tires into our R5s and streamline our Asperos, a new kind of bike was born.

Shimano 105 1x11

Caledonia doesn’t fit in a box nicely, and we like it that way. It was conceived on our Thursday night rides—routes that often play fast and loose with ‘road ride.’ As we tried to stuff bigger tires into our R5s and streamline our Asperos, a new kind of bike was born.